The History Lives Showcase Gallery occupies the central portion of the Russell Library’s exhibit space inside the Richard B. Russell Building Special Collections Libraries. The gallery features materials drawn from the Russell Library’s collections and highlights six key collecting areas: Politics, Social Relations, Public Good, Environment, Economy, Peace and War. The contents of these cases rotate every six to twelve months and offer visitors a sample of the kind of documents and objects found in the archival collections.
A look at the last installation of the Politics of Peace
and War case in the History Lives Showcase Gallery.
Beginning in August 2014 the cases will showcase a selection of political cartoons drawn from the Clifford H. (Baldy) Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection. The cartoons have been matched with the library’s six collecting areas to spotlight stories connected to each of the "politics" areas.
Signage in the gallery space provides a QR code which, when scanned, will connect a visitor directly to the SoundCloud playlist of audio clips. You blog readers can play these clips directly from the embedded link below! We hope visitors will enjoy this playlist either while they tour the gallery space or from the comfort of their personal computer. Our staff hopes this experiment in the gallery gives visitors a greater sense of the breadth of oral history collections at the library and a quick look into some of the most recent interviews conducted by the Oral History and Media Unit team, Callie Holmes and Christian Lopez.
The Russell Library Gallery is free and open to the public weekday from 8 a.m.-5 p.m. and on Saturdays from 1-5 p.m. For more information on the exhibit, email russlib@uga.edu or call (706) 542-5788.
Note: In February of this year, the Russell Library embarked on a one-year project to process the records of the Democratic Party of Georgia (Georgia Democrats) and the Georgia Republican Party (GAGOP), funded by a generous grant of up to $58,777 from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC). Because the records will not be open for research for several months, project archivist Angelica Marini will be providing a series of short articles throughout the year highlighting various aspects of the records as she works to organize, describe and make them available. In this, her first blog post for the project, she underscores the value of the Georgia Republican Party Records as an important resource for studying the historic political realignment of the state in the second half of the twentieth century.
A small sampling of the GAGOP records awaiting processing.
Once available for research, the Georgia Republican Party Records will be one of the largest processed collections of official state Republican Party records in the country and the largest in the Southeast. Complementing the University of South Carolina’s Republican Party of South Carolina Papers and Auburn University’s Alabama Republican Party Records, the Georgia Republican Party Records, dating from 1975 to 1998, are a unique collection of administrative records, political files, financial and fundraising materials, and campaign files that will enable researchers to gain new insights into the dramatic political realignment of the South in the twentieth century.
In 1960 there were only two Republican members of the State House and just one Republican State Senator in Georgia. The Georgia Republican Party was politically weak and the state was dominated by the Democratic Party of Georgia. It was not until later in the second half of the twentieth century that Georgia was a truly modern two-party political system. The records reflect this historical development of the party as the bulk of materials date from the later period. While the Republican Party collections in South Carolina and Alabama contain materials from the 1920s, most of the materials date from this modern period, 1960 to 2000. The bulk of the South Carolina Republican Party records date from 1962 to 2001 and the records of the Alabama Republican Party date from 1960 to 1994. Likewise the Georgia Republican Party saw their most significant gains after 1980 and the bulk of the materials date from 1980 to 1996.
What kept the Georgia Republican party from power for so long? The explanation requires a look at the political history of the South. An alleged political deal between Democrats and Republicans in 1877 brokered the end of Reconstruction. The contested presidential election resulted in a compromise between the parties that allowed for Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes to be seated in return for the end of federal military intervention in the South. Over the next twenty-five years, all across the South, the Republican Party lost what limited power they held during Reconstruction. The historical legacy of Reconstruction affected the political growth of the Republican Party far beyond the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, though, as the Democratic Party dominated Southern politics until the 1960s.
The national Democratic Party started to change in the 1960s and broadly supported civil rights legislation and aligned with more liberal policies. The changes in national party platforms alienated conservative Southern Democrats and by the 1970s many Southern states were in the process of moving to a Republican majority. In Georgia, this regional political realignment was influenced additionally by migration to the state. Beginning in the 1950s, state politicians and policies promoted Georgia as a friendly place for business. Republicans increased their favor as they promoted themselves as the political party that stood for business interests. Georgia Republicans also recruited party members from transplanted Northern Republicans. The first Republican since Reconstruction to represent Georgia in the U.S. Senate, Mack Mattingly (originally from Indiana), noted that “What they [the Democratic Party] didn’t understand back then were what we call ‘demographics.’ They did not understand that the demographics of Georgia had changed – your IBMers from Indiana, you know, everybody from all different places – it had changed.” (Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection, ROGP 014 Mack Mattingly) These changes made a real difference in the political strength of the Republican Party in Georgia. By 1997, the Republicans elected 79 members to the State House and 22 members to the State Senate. The last decades of the twentieth century saw the Republican Party become a major political power in the state and in 2002, Georgians elected their first Republican Governor since Reconstruction, Sonny Perdue.
The bulk of the Georgia Republican Party Records date from a period of substantial political growth for the party. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Republican Party emerged as a powerful political opponent to the Democrats. The records document the party’s administration by Party Chairmen and Executive Directors. Political files include research materials maintained by the political directors, state convention materials, and county and district files. Financial records reflect the growth of the party through fundraising and events. The campaign records contain strategic planning documents and statistical analysis of election results using the ORVIS program (Optimal Republican Voting Strength) adopted in the 1980s. These records are an invaluable source of information for anyone interested in researching the growth of the Georgia Republican Party during an important transitional period.
Post by Angelica Marini, Project Archivist, Russell Library
The Russell Library staff was sad to learn of the passing of Bill Hardman, interviewed for our Reflections on Georgia Politics oral history series just a few month ago. The following text is adapted from his obituary.
Hardman was Georgia’s first tourism director, the first president of the Southern Travel Directors’ Council (now Travel South USA), chairman of the Travel Industry Association of America (now U.S. Travel Association), a key player in development of the Georgia World Congress Center and the architect of the Southeast Tourism Society (STS).
Born June 5, 1926, in Colbert, Ga., he served in the U.S. Merchant Marines in World War II and attended Piedmont College and Mercer University. In 1959, Georgia Governor Ernest Vandiver appointed him as the state's first tourism director.
When Hardman took on the position Georgia was largely a pass-through state for Florida-bound vacationers then. During his tenure as state tourism director, he built the state’s first eight welcome centers, launched a tourism advertising program, conducted the nation’s first Governor’s Conference on Tourism and promoted Georgia throughout the U.S. and in Canada and Europe. He left state government in 1970 and founded Hardman Productions, which conducted travel and RV trade shows and other events.
Hardman was hired in the early 1970s to lobby the Georgia legislature to appropriate $30 million to build the Georgia World Congress Center and to place it in Atlanta. Many legislators wanted the facility in other cities. Hardman’s service on the national stage included being chairman of the Travel Association of America, now U.S. Travel Association, and having the longest tenure on that association’s board of any member, more than 40 years. In 1983, Hardman was at the center of creation of the Southeast Tourism Society, which started with seven states and has grown to 12.
Our thoughts go out to members of Bill Hardman's family and friends. The Russell Library staff feels lucky to have met Mr. Hardman and learn about his career in Georgia tourism.
Ray Moore, an Atlanta newsman for twenty-three years, passed away this morning—one week shy of his 91st birthday. In 1951, he joined WSB Radio and then WSB-TV the following year. Moore resigned as news director of WSB, in 1969, and joined WAGA-TV (Channel 5) until he retired from broadcasting entirely in 1974. He was the face of local news for many Georgians during the tumultuous period of the 1950s and 60s, and during his tenure he produced a number of documentaries on penal reform, school desegregation, hunger, religion, and urban development.
Earlier this year, Moore was interviewed by Bob Short as part of the Russell Library's Reflections on Georgia Politics oral history series. He talked about the early days of television broadcasting—including the potential pitfalls of live commercial advertisements that were the norm during these years. In this clip, he describes the "Great Hotdog Incident."
Moore covered many pivotal moments in U.S. and Georgia history—and he was often a part of that history. Moore remembers interviewing Martin Luther King, Jr., after Kennedy's assassination. Later, after King's own assassination, Moore provided the tip that located James Earl Ray's abandoned white Mustang. Moore also covered the desegregation of UGA in 1961. In this clip, Moore describes being surrounded by an angry mob that developed around Charlayne Hunter's residence at Myers Hall.
Post by Callie Holmes, Media and Oral History Archivist, Russell Library
Few people could tell us more about agriculture in Georgia than Tommy Irvin. From his humble beginnings as the son of sharecroppers in White County, Irvin would go on to become Georgia’s Commissioner of Agriculture in 1968. Maintaining this post until his retirement in 2010, he would be the longest serving agriculture commissioner in the U.S. In the opening minutes of his interview for the Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection, Irvin speaks about his qualifications for the job:
"I know when I was chosen as Commissioner of Agriculture, one of the editorial writers for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution wanted to know what I knew about farming. I said, “Well, you know, I guess I knew everything that you needed to know. I knew how to tie a handspring and I knew “gee” and I knew “haw” and knew what that meant. And I knew how to keep the cow -- keep the horse from walking on the cotton when it was young and step on it. And I knew how to put on a set of Johnson wings.” He said, “What’s that?” I said, “Well, I thought that’s where I’d lose you!”
For the uninitiated, “gee” and “haw” are verbal commands for steering a plough horse. To learn what Johnson wings are you’ll have to check out the interview yourself (about 3 minutes in). These tidbits may seem irrelevant and stuck in a bucolic past, but as Irvin continues about his memories and his life’s work, it becomes clear that such experiences informed the career of a statesman who shaped agriculture policy in Georgia for over forty years. And on more recent matters, Irvin is no slouch. He goes on to discuss a number of contemporary issues that affect agriculture in Georgia and beyond, including food safety, foreign trade, food prices, and the role of illegal immigration. Aside from his work with agriculture, Irvin has also been a huge advocate for education, serving on local and statewide school boards and collaborating with Richard Russell to implement the School Lunch Program. And it all started with Johnson wings.
My regular gig is cataloging monographs over at the UGA Main Library, but in early January I started interning here at the Russell Library to work on the Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection. It's an amazing collection of video interviews that gives researchers an in depth look at Georgia's modern political history from the people who served, or are still serving, the state.
ROGP has been through many steps since the project began in 2006. Now, I am facilitating the next phase in the process of making this collection accessible: creating finding aids for each interview.
In addition to getting some wonderful archival processing experience, I'm also getting a first class education in 20th century Georgia political history. These two aspects of the internship feed into one another, because the more familiar I become with the subject matter the better I get at creating finding aids. It's exciting to get this collection up and running because it has immense research value and the project really taps into the mission of the Russell Library. On top of that, I can now impress my friends as I confidently spout off facts about the Talmadge machine, the county unit system, the politics of school desegregation, and the rise of the Republican Party.
One of my favorite interviews I have written description for so far features Carl Sanders, Governor of Georgia from 1963 to 1967. He recalls the decision-making process surrounding the integration of UGA (Sanders was then president pro tem of the Georgia senate) and shares his views about race and politics. While UGA's integration has been written and talked about at length by a number of experts over the years, this represents one of those rare glimpses into a historic moment from someone who played a major role in the process. Check out the discussion around 19:20.
Stay tuned for more updates about Reflections on Georgia Politics! Post by Steve Armour, Intern, Russell Library
Here in the Media and Oral History Unit of the Richard B. Russell Library,
we spend a lot of time thinking about the best ways to make our oral
history interviews available to the public. Historically, researchers
relied solely on printed transcripts of oral histories, and oral
historians and archivists often destroyed the original audio recordings
after transcribing an interview. Transcript was king. Today, however,
new technologies and the Internet make it much easier to share original
media. So, while transcription is still considered the "best practice,"
there's a growing sentiment that actually listening to or viewing the
original interview should be an integral part of interacting with oral
history.
There is a lot of debate in the oral history world over the advantages and disadvantages of transcribing interviews—much of it centered on the skill and labor needed to create a quality transcript. At the Russell Library, we’ve been able to transcribe many of our interviews from the Reflections on Georgia Politics series, but we recognize that we can't do this for all of our collections.
One way we endeavor to make our interviews accessible is by posting videos on YouTube, where we hope to reach as wide an audience as possible. This morning as I was poking around our YouTube account, I noticed a small icon just above the video description. Apparently, it’s actually a Transcript option.
Figure 1: Transcript icon below the video description.
YouTube now offers a captioning or transcript option with videos uploaded to the site. They use a speech recognition and processing algorithm to actually create video transcripts from scratch. While automated transcription is not necessarily a new development—there has been much effort over the years devoted to creating transcripts with speech recognition software—what is novel and exciting is that YouTube is creating these transcripts automatically, for all videos, and then linking the transcripts to the timecode of the interview video. So by clicking the "CC" (Closed Caption) or Transcript icons on any YouTube video, you can simultaneously watch a video and follow along in the transcript. And by clicking on a particular point in the transcript timeline, the video will skip to the corresponding segment, and vice versa.
Figure 2: Example of YouTube automated transcript.
And—even more exciting for us—YouTube will allow us to upload our own transcripts for each video. After we upload our files, YouTube processes our transcripts with their algorithm and links the transcript to the video's timecode. This means that when you're looking at one of our Reflections on Georgia Politics YouTube videos, you can enable the transcript or closed captioning and follow along in the transcript window below the video. This might help you figure out what a narrator is saying ("what was the county, again?"), or you could do a keyword search with the ctrl + F function on your keyboard to see if a specific topic or person is mentioned. It also means that our videos are more accessible for hearing-impaired individuals. To see a couple of examples of videos with our added transcripts, check out the Reflections on Georgia Politics interviews with Hugh Gillis and Stephanie Benfield (just click the Transcript icon to follow along).
Figure 3: Example of Russell Library Transcript on YouTube
Of course, this doesn't mean that YouTube is doing all of our work for us. We can upload the transcripts that we have, but most of our videos will only have the YouTube automated transcripts. Like most transcripts made with speech recognition software, the YouTube automated transcripts are rife with errors (at one point they transcribe "Young Harris College" as "billionaires college," at another point "you know hairs college"), while our transcripts are much more accurate—having been created and audited by multiple staff members over hundreds of hours. But at the same time automated transcripts accurately catch some important terms (apparently even YouTube usually recognizes the names "Zell Miller" or "Herman Talmadge," even when spoken in a Georgia drawl). And, as they sometimes say, something is better than nothing. For us, the automated transcripts are an unexpected bonus in our efforts to make our interviews more discoverable—and an exciting new way to allow the public to interact with oral history.
Post by Callie Holmes, Media and Oral History Archivist, Russell Library
On Wednesday, May 12, an impressive array of Georgia political veterans came to the Georgia Center on the UGA campus to celebrate the opening of Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection, a collaborative project of the Richard B. Russell Library and Young Harris College. Before lunch the lobby was packed with folks catching up – there were lot of warm smiles, handshakes, and hugs. As former State Representative Milton Jones put it, “it was great to see so many old good friends, exchange war stories and lies, and a good time seemed to be had by all.”
Reflections on Georgia Politics began in the fall of 2006 at Young Harris College, as a lecture and discussion program hosted by Bob Short, who Young Harris College President (and former Georgia Secretary of State) Cathy Cox called “the most effective politician I’ve ever known who was never elected to office.” In late 2007, the Richard B. Russell Library began producing the program as an oral history video series to further illuminate and personalize the tectonic shifts that occurred in Georgia politics in the late twentieth century: desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement, the impact of Baker v. Carr, and Georgia’s evolution as a two-party state. Former governors, constitutional officers, congressmen and senators, state legislators, political organizers, and journalists have strengthened the broad net cast by Reflections on Georgia Politics. At 119 programs and counting, and almost five days of video footage, Reflections on Georgia Politics represents a tremendous historical resource. The Russell Library serves as the repository for the series, making decades of political history, strategy, and stories of back-room politics accessible to the public.
In remarking on the series and the event, Cathy Cox said, “Today we celebrate this great partnership between UGA and Young Harris, to preserve a very unusual and very valuable recording of Georgia history. But most of all we want to jointly recognize and thank Bob Short for his understanding of the historical value of these interviews, for his persistence in nailing down and arranging all of the interviews, and for his incredible journalistic style, which made all the interviewees feel very comfortable in telling the stories of Georgia from their personal perspectives.”
Senator Zell Miller, a lifelong friend of Short’s, added, “Reflections on Georgia Politics is a monumentous achievement, it is a magnificent accomplishment. No one -- no one -- could have done this except Bob Short. He had the contacts around the state, he had the encyclopedic knowledge of Georgia politics, and the desire and the patience and the stamina and the will to criss-cross this state time and time again to interview, as you have been told, well over 100 men and women who have made significant contributions to Georgia politics.”
To see pictures from the event, click HERE. The video interviews and transcripts (when available) for Reflections on Georgia Politics may be accessed in the following locations online:
For further information on the project, or to make a donation to help support the program, contact Craig Breaden, Head of Media and Oral History at the Richard B. Russell Library, at 706-542-5782, or email at breaden@uga.edu.
Last Wednesday, May 12, 2010, the Russell Library hosted a luncheon in honor of Bob Short - the tireless interviewer of the Reflections on Georgia Politics oral history series. Participants in Reflections and their guests gathered to toast Bob and this amazing project, which documents decades of state political history. Check out the online album below to see a few snapshots from the event. More ROGP coverage to come early next week!
Reid Walker Harris was born July 6, 1930 in Brunswick, Georgia. He earned a bachelor’s degree in political science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1952, graduated from the U.S. Army Russian Language School at the Presidio, and earned his law degree from Emory University in 1958. Harris was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1964 and served for six years. During this time he was the principal author of several laws concerning conservation of the coastlands, including the Georgia Surface Mining Act and the Coastal Marshland Protection Act. Harris served as head of the environmental section of Governor Jimmy Carter’s Goals for Georgia program and later as chairman of the governor’s State Environmental Council. Reid Harris is retired and lives on St. Simons Island.
The papers consist of scrapbooks, publications, press releases, clippings, correspondence, photographs, and draft legislation related to Reid Harris' involvement in the passing of the Coastal Marshlands Protection Act of 1970. Also included is a publication by Harris titled, “And the Coastlands Wait” (2008) and his acceptance speech for the 2009 Rock Howard Award.
As you'll recall from previous blog posts, Reflections on Georgia Politics is a project that began in the fall of 2006 at Young Harris College, as a lecture and discussion program hosted by Georgia political veteran Bob Short. In late 2007, the Richard B. Russell Library began producing the program as an oral history series, traveling across Georgia to videotape interviews with former governors, constitutional officers, congressmen, state legislators, political organizers, and journalists. These conversations are captured and the Russell Library serves as a repository for the resulting tapes - making decades of political history, strategy, and stories of back-room-politics accessible to the public.
The accessibility of the interviews has reached a new level now that the collection of 118 programs (and still growing!) is available for download on iTunesU at UGA. To access the collection:
1. Visit http://www.itunes.uga.edu/; This will launch iTunes on your computer (if it's installed) and take you to the iTunesU UGA page. 2. Click on "UGA Libraries" on the list on the left, and Reflections will be one of your choices. 3. Choose an interview and enjoy!
Please note that iTunesU at UGA has not yet been added to the iTunes Store, so it must be accessed currently through the link above. More blogging to come on Reflections and its achievements in the coming weeks! Stay tuned.
The Russell Library remembers Aubrey Morris, who died today at the age of 88. Morris was born in Roswell, Georgia, and grew up writing for the local newspaper. He attended the University of Georgia and studied journalism. He worked as an intern for the Atlanta Journal, and edited the UGA yearbook. On the day of his college graduation, he started as a reporter for the Atlanta Journal, and covered Atlanta and city hall. He also started the first public information office at the state transportation department. After thirteen years at the Journal, he joined WSB, and helped to develop the first radio news department in Georgia. He covered the major events, state-wide, national, and international, of the day, including desegregation, the Vietnam War, and Martin Luther King, Jr. He served for thirty years as news and editorial director at WSB. In 1987, he retired.
In 2009 Aubrey sat down with Bob Short, for the Russell Library'sReflections on Georgia Politics oral history series, and talked about his experiences covering politics, including this story Martin Luther King, Jr's rise in Atlanta.
A few weeks ago I had the chance to take a road trip to south Georgia with Bob Short, the Russell Library’s interviewer for its Reflections on Georgia Politics oral history series. We had a couple days to drive down and speak with Harry Dixon in Waycross, and then with Ford Spinks in Tifton. Our trip south started early. Bob had already driven a couple hours down from Blairsville to meet me in Athens, but he was ready for the trip ahead. We pulled out of the UGA motor pool and headed down Hwy 15.
It was a beautiful, late autumn day with little traffic and our conversation made the ride pass by quickly. We were equipped with Bob’s GPS (a perky device called “Lucy”), but we didn’t need it. The drive was straight ahead through a series of small towns -- Soperton, Hazlehurst, Mount Vernon – just two lane roads, cotton fields, and timber forests. As we rolled through hamlets across the Georgia countryside Bob recited the names of hometown politicians. In Soperton, Bob asked me to make a quick stop so he could visit his friend Hugh Gillis. Gillis gave ROGP a great interview just last year. Bob wanted to say a quick hello and “thanks again.” Lucky for us, Gillis was in and our stop was a pleasant surprise. Hugh, 91 years old, was busy at work but made the time to chat. Before we knew it, Gillis offered to make a donation to the Russell Library's oral history program, a wonderful gesture which we gladly accepted!
Though Bob Short never held public office (aside from a one-time run for Public Service Commissioner), he has been deeply involved in Georgia politics for nearly fifty years. In 1999 he published, Everything is Pickrick: the life of Lester Maddox, for which he was honored as Georgia Writer of the Year. He seems to know everything about Georgia politics from the last half of last century and, what’s more, he has an uncanny ability to recall even the smallest details. We talked national and state politics most of the day before we tired of it. Our first interview (or conversation, as Bob prefers to call them) was late that same afternoon in Waycross with Harry Dixon. A former state legislator who served for over 30 years in the Georgia General Assembly, Dixon is a spirited man with many stories to tell. He loves a good story and offered up more than a few during the interview, including a few about Governor Marvin Griffin. His recollections of politics were interwoven with personal memories from his time working as a railroad engineer. Almost two hours later, Harry and Bob wrapped up with Harry inviting us to return for “part two!”
We next headed west to Tifton where we had dinner and spent the night at a Holiday Inn. We talked shop a bit and laughed again at Dixon’s sense of humor. As it got dark and the rain started the conversation turned more towards Bob, with whom I’ve worked a lot with over the last six months but knew little about personally. Road trips are good for getting to know someone. Bob told me he played basketball and baseball at Georgia Southern on a scholarship. His first job was at the Atlanta Journal Constitution as a sports journalist. He served in the LBJ administration as head of what later became FEMA. He coached Pop Warner football, Little League baseball and basketball for thirty years. He plays guitar and has a son who has recorded and toured with some top name country stars. He is the parent of an adopted child. I was surprised at the number of things we had in common, though our backgrounds couldn’t be more different.
The next morning, after a free breakfast buffet “Lucy” located the home of Ford Spinks, former state legislator and public service commissioner during Governor Jimmy Carter’s administration. Spinks was a thoughtful and soft-spoken man who got sentimental when recalling events that were, in his words, “long ago and far away.” Storms had been brewing all morning and I heard a little sizzle in my headphones during one nearby lightning strike. Luckily, we finished the conversation with Mr. Spinks without any electrifying complications. I loaded up and away we went up I-75 in stormy weather.
It was a wet drive but we made good time. I wanted Bob to have some daylight in which to drive back over the mountains to Blairsville that evening. Bob’s been calling me “Earnhardt” ever since, though I maintain I did not speed. The conversation was easy, floating back and forth from politics to music, with Bob again noting every hometown politician along our route up I-75 to Macon between our discussions of country music and his old friend, Zell Miller.
I knew I would get a real education in Georgia politics on this trip, but I think I was surprised by how much Bob Short and I have in common. I think we’re a better oral history team as a result of our conversations. Hopefully we’ll be back on the road again soon, gathering more reflections on Georgia politics.
Post by Christian Lopez, Oral History Coordinator, Russell Library.
This blog features news and information on the activities of the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies at UGA. Watch this space or subscribe to our feed for regular updates on new collections, exhibitions, projects, and programs, as described by the dedicated members of our staff! If you have questions or comments, please email ellettag@uga.edu.
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